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Soft drinks from Malawi
Thobwa is a thick, sweet-sour Malawian drink. A thin maize porridge is cooled, ground malt is stirred in, and the mixture is left overnight to ferment; it is then boiled again and drunk over the next days. Children drink it too, because it is only slightly fermented. Made in 5 steps over 43 h – 8.8 days. The longest step, keep and drink over the following days, takes 24 h – 8 days (Namaumbo S 2023).
| Main step | 24 h – 8 daysReported[namaumbo2023][wp] | Keep and drink over the following days |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 45 °CReported[namaumbo2023] | Cool and stir in ground malt |
| 4.5 kg | Maize flour[namaumbo2023] |
| 15 L | Water[namaumbo2023] |
| 1.5 kg | Ground malt · Maize malt in the central region; finger millet is the preferred malt across Malawi[namaumbo2023][unesco2016] |
| Starter | spontaneous (malt flora); no added starter |
Total time across the recorded steps: 43 h – 8.8 days
What changes: Maize flour and water boil into a thin porridge
Output: thin porridge.
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Thobwa is boiled a second time after its overnight ferment, which stops the souring early and keeps it sweet. Togwa is not boiled again and is drunk sour.
Maize and malt can carry aflatoxins. In one study boiling cut them by about 33 % and fermenting by about 20 %, but about 37 % of the starting aflatoxin was still in the finished drink, so only clean, sound grain and malt make safe thobwa. Households often keep low-grade, shrivelled maize for brewing, which raises the risk.
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
Malawi's national inventory of intangible cultural heritage lists thobwa as the slightly fermented form of the country's maize-and-malt beer, which children may drink. Households reserve grain for brewing thobwa for celebrations and rituals.
