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Alcoholic drinks from Greece
Retsina is a dry white or rosé Greek wine. Aleppo pine resin goes into the grape must before or early in fermentation and comes out once the wine is made, leaving a pine aroma. EU law allows the resin only for retsina made in Greece. Made in 5 steps over 15 days. The longest step, ferment with the resin in, takes 13 days (Natskoulis P.I 2024) and runs at 18–20 °C (Natskoulis P.I 2024). Saccharomyces cerevisiae does most of the fermenting.
| Main step | 13 daysReported[natskoulis2024] | Ferment with the resin in |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | 18–20 °CReported[natskoulis2024] | Ferment with the resin in |
| Acidity | pH 3.4–3.4Measured[natskoulis2024] | Take out the resin and rack |
| Savatiano grape must · For the PGI, mainly Savatiano, or Savatiano and Roditis at 10 to 1, making up at least 85 % of the grapes[natskoulis2024] | |
| 1000 g per hectolitre or less | Aleppo pine resin · Legal maximum; the study used 0.5 g/L and 1 g/L in a gauze bag[eu2019-934][natskoulis2024] |
| Wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) · Commercial dry yeast in the study[natskoulis2024] | |
| 10 mg/L at crushing, then 30 mg/L | Sulphur dioxide · As used in the study[natskoulis2024] |
| Starter | defined-culture (wine yeast) |
Total time across the recorded steps: 15 days
What changes: The press squeezes juice out of the crushed Savatiano grapes
Output: white grape must.
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
The method is a normal dry white wine, plus one step. Aleppo pine resin is added to the must and taken out after fermentation. EU law allows the resin only for retsina made in Greece, and caps it at 1000 g per hectolitre. In the study, more resin raised alpha-pinene and resin aroma and lowered the fruity, floral notes.
Retsina is made and kept like any dry white wine. The resin dose is fixed by EU law.
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
Terebinth resin residues were found in a Neolithic wine jar from Iran (about 5400–5000 BC). Pine resin was used to preserve wine in Greek jars and amphorae of the 5th to 3rd centuries BC.
