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Insects from Ancient China
Chí hǎi was a paste of ant eggs (chí, glossed as "ant young") served at the Zhou court, a historical reconstruction from ritual texts. The Rites of Zhou lists it among the court's hai pastes, and the Han commentator Zheng Xuan describes how hai were made, mixed with millet qu and salt, steeped in good wine and sealed in a jar for a hundred days. No text gives a recipe for the ant-egg paste itself.
| Ant eggs (蚳) | Supplied by the turtle officer (鱉人) to the hai office for sacrifices[zhouli] |
| Millet qu (粱麴) | From Zheng Xuan's note on how hai and ni pastes are made in general[zhouli-zhushu] |
| Salt | [zhouli-zhushu] |
| Good wine (美酒) | [zhouli-zhushu] |
| Starter | koji/qu/mold-starter: millet qu (粱麴), per Zheng Xuan's general note on hai |
Total time across the recorded steps: 3.3 months
What changes: Starting material: ant eggs gathered for the court
Output: ant eggs.
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Chí hǎi was a paste of ant eggs (chí, glossed as "ant young") served at the Zhou court, a historical reconstruction from ritual texts. The Rites of Zhou lists it among the court's hai pastes, and the Han commentator Zheng Xuan describes how hai were made, mixed with millet qu and salt, steeped in good wine and sealed in a jar for a hundred days. No text gives a recipe for the ant-egg paste itself. Made in 4 steps over 3.3 months. The longest step, seal in a plastered jar until done, takes 3.3 months (Zhouli zhushu (Zheng Xuan commentary).
| Main step | 3.3 monthsReported[zhouli-zhushu] | Seal in a plastered jar until done |
|---|
Chí hǎi is one of the seven hai pastes that Zheng Xuan's note lists for the king's meals, and the only insect among them; the others are made from meat juice, snails, clams, fish, hare and goose.
No Zhou text says how safe the paste was. As a general hazard for insect foods, a 2026 review in Foods reports Bacillus cereus in dried and powdered insects sold in Europe and Asia, and says wild-harvested insects from contaminated places can carry more pesticide residue than farmed ones. This is not a finding about chí hǎi.
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
The Rites of Zhou (Zhouli), office of the hairen (醢人), lists chí hǎi among the dou dishes of offerings, and Zheng Xuan's note on the seven hai for the king's table includes it. The turtle officer supplies ant eggs to the hai office for sacrifices. The Book of Rites (Liji), chapter Neize, pairs dried spiced meat with chí hǎi. Zheng Xuan glosses chí as 蛾子, "ant young", after the Erya dictionary.
