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Tea leaf from Anhua, Hunan
Fu brick tea is made in two ferments. Rolled leaf is first piled wet for up to 40 hours, where yeasts and bacteria change it into raw dark tea. That tea is steamed and pressed loosely into bricks, which sit warm for about three weeks while the yellow "golden flower" mould Aspergillus cristatus grows through them.
| Rolled fresh tea leaf | Piled at about 78 % moisture for the primary dark-tea pile[li2018] |
| Raw dark tea | Blended, steamed and pressed for the golden-flower stage[xiang2022] |
| No starter in the traditional process | Xiang 2022 describes Aspergillus cristatus as present on the fresh leaf and becoming dominant through the indigenous microbes alone[xiang2022] |
| Starter | spontaneous (Aspergillus cristatus is on the fresh leaf and becomes dominant through indigenous succession) |
Total time across the recorded steps: 22 days – 23 days
What changes: Mature leaves are fixed with heat to stop their enzymes, then rolled
Mature leaves (one bud and three to six leaves) are sprinkled with water, fixed and rolled twice by machine. Output: rolled green leaf.
Microbes at work in this step
Methylobacterium and Klebsiella among bacteria; mixed fungi on the leaf
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Fu brick tea is made in two ferments. Rolled leaf is first piled wet for up to 40 hours, where yeasts and bacteria change it into raw dark tea. That tea is steamed and pressed loosely into bricks, which sit warm for about three weeks while the yellow "golden flower" mould Aspergillus cristatus grows through them. Made in 6 steps over 22 days – 23 days. The longest step, grow the golden flower (fa hua), takes 21 days (Xiang M 2022) and runs at at least 25 °C (Xiang M 2022). Aspergillus cristatus and Cyberlindnera yeasts (to 95.52 % of fungi) and Klebsiella (to 99.06 % of bacteria) in the primary pile do most of the fermenting.
| Main step | 21 daysReported[xiang2022] | Grow the golden flower (fa hua) |
|---|---|---|
| Temperature | at least 25 °CReported[xiang2022] | Grow the golden flower (fa hua) |
Fu brick tea adds a second, fungal stage to raw dark tea. After blending, steaming and pressing into bricks, Aspergillus cristatus blooms as golden flower (Xiang 2022). Liang 2025 compared it with Fu loose tea made from the same raw dark tea, and found that pressing changes the metabolites and sensory properties.
Fu brick tea is fermented with mould. A study of 158 Chinese post-fermented dark teas found aflatoxins in 2 samples (1.27 %). The exposure it estimated for heavy tea drinkers was below the JECFA acceptable value (Cui et al. 2020). The abstract does not report Fu brick tea separately.
Hazards the sources name: Aflatoxins, found in 2 of 158 Chinese post-fermented dark tea samples (the abstract does not report Fu brick tea separately).
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
Fu brick tea is said to date to the Ming dynasty in Hunan. It is a necessary component of milk tea and butter tea for nomadic groups in the border regions of southern and western China (Xiang 2022).
