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Fermentation Atlas

Alcoholic drinks from England and the rest of the British Isles

Ginger beer (brewed, ginger-beer plant or ginger bug)ginger beer

Traditional ginger beer is sugar water with ginger, fermented by the ginger-beer plant, a jelly-like clump of a yeast and a bacterium, or by a home-grown ginger bug. After a day or two in an open pot it is bottled and corked, and gas builds up until it is fizzy. Made in 7 steps over 7 days – 9 days. The longest step, revive or start the culture, takes 4 days (de Oliveira L.I.G. et al. 2024). Saccharomyces florentinus and Lentilactobacillus hilgardii do most of the fermenting.

Key numbers
Main step4 daysMeasured[deoliveira2024]Revive or start the culture

Recipe

Amounts from a sourceWard's 1892 description of the English village method. The amounts are proportions, not a fixed batch size.
10–20 % solutionSugar in tap water[ward1892]
A littleCream of tartar[ward1892]
A few piecesGinger[ward1892]
OptionalLemon[ward1892]
Ginger-beer plant, or a ginger bug · Pieces of the jelly-like culture; the lees are reused for the next batch. A ginger bug is ginger, sugar and water fed until it bubbles.[ward1892][deoliveira2024]
Starterthe ginger-beer plant (a symbiotic yeast and bacterium culture) or a ginger bug, reused by back-slopping

Total time across the recorded steps: 7 days – 9 days

Start
Drag the bar or press Play
shapes, not to countS. florentinusL. hilgardiiLactic acid bacteriaYeasts

What changes: Fed sugar, the ginger-beer plant or ginger bug wakes up and starts to bubble

Step 1 of 7
Revive or start the culture
Time
4 days
Measured
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
S. florentinus
L. hilgardii
Lactic acid bacteria
Yeasts

Output: active ginger-beer plant or ginger bug.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
the plant is jelly-like, semi-transparent, yellowish-white lumps in brain-like clumps
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

What makes this one different

Ginger ale is carbonated with pressurised gas, but brewed ginger beer gets its fizz from live fermentation in the bottle. The ginger-beer plant is one symbiotic clump. The bacterium's thick slime sheaths hold the yeast cells, and Ward rebuilt the plant by mixing the two pure cultures.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Ginger-beer plant (GBP)Jelly-like clumps passed on between households and reused by pouring fresh sugar water on the lees.
  • Ginger bugGinger, sugar and water fed until it bubbles; in one study 96 h of activation and 14 days of fermentation gave the best ginger beer.
  • Botswana ginger beerHome brew; one sample from Gantsi had pH 2.89 and 3.99 % v/v ethanol.

Made the ginger beer way

Safety

Pressure is the main hazard. Ward warned that corked bottles can burst within a few days, and WSU's fermentation programme warns that a closed container that over-ferments can build pressure until it explodes. Brewed ginger beer is not alcohol-free; a Botswana home brew had 3.99 % ethanol, and in the US a drink that reaches 0.5 % at any time, including after bottling, counts as an alcohol beverage.

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

Harry Marshall Ward studied ginger-beer plant samples from 1887, sent from Kew, Oxford and elsewhere in Britain and from America. He found it in home ginger-beer making across the British Isles, where the drink was sold in brown stoneware bottles with tied corks.

  1. [ward1892] Ward H.M. 1892, The ginger-beer plant, and the organisms composing it - a contribution to the study of fermentation-yeasts and bacteria, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 183:125–197, doi:10.1098/rstb.1892.0006archive
  2. [ward1891] Ward H.M. 1891, The 'ginger-beer plant,' and the organisms composing it (abstract), Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 50:261–265, doi:10.1098/rspl.1891.0037archive
  3. [pidoux1989] Pidoux M. 1989, The microbial flora of sugary kefir grain (the gingerbeer plant) - biosynthesis of the grain from Lactobacillus hilgardii producing a polysaccharide gel, MIRCEN Journal of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 5:223–238, doi:10.1007/BF01741847paper
  4. [leroi1993] Leroi F., Pidoux M. 1993, Characterization of interactions between Lactobacillus hilgardii and Saccharomyces florentinus isolated from sugary kefir grains, Journal of Applied Bacteriology 74:54–60, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1993.tb02996.xpaper
  5. [deoliveira2024] de Oliveira L.I.G. et al. 2024, Ginger beer derived from back-slopping - volatile compounds, microbial communities on activation and fermentation, metabolites and sensory characteristics, Food Chemistry 435:137640, doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137640 (abstract)paper
  6. [tsenang2022] Tsenang M., Pheko T., Mokgadi J., Phokedi G. 2022, A validated liquid-liquid extraction method for the quantitative analysis of ethanol in the different types of home-brewed alcoholic beverages of Botswana using GC-FID, Chemistry Africa 6:417–427 (PMC9593979)paper
  7. [ameh2015] Ameh S.J., Ibekwe N.N., Ebeshi B.U. 2015, Essential oils in ginger, hops, cloves, and pepper flavored beverages - a review, Journal of Dietary Supplements 12(3):241–260, doi:10.3109/19390211.2014.952858paper
  8. [wsu-soda] Washington State University, CAHNRS Fermentation programme, Naturally carbonated soda (pressure in closed containers)gov
  9. [ttb-kombucha] US Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), Kombucha - the 0.5 % alcohol by volume rule, which applies during production and after bottlinggov