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Kuchikamizake (chewed-rice sake) and Okinawan/Amami miki口噛み酒
Kuchikamizake was a ritual rice drink made by chewing rice, so saliva turned its starch into sugar before wild microbes fermented it. Its descendant, miki, is still made for festivals in Okinawa and Amami, now sweetened by the enzymes of raw sweet potato instead of saliva. Fresh miki is a sweet, sour lactic drink with almost no alcohol. Made in 5 steps over 3 months – 3.1 months. The longest step, keep it, cold or warm, takes 3 months (常盤豊 2009) and runs at 5 °C (常盤豊 2009). Lactic acid bacteria, including an alkaliphilic lactic bacterium and Alkaliphilic or alkali-tolerant yeasts do most of the fermenting.
Amounts from a sourceThe shrine recipe gives only the 0.75 kg of washed rice; the Amami home recipe gives no amounts. Ancient kuchikamizake had no recorded amounts.
Rice, cooked to a thin porridge · Unjami festival miki, Shioya Bay, Okinawa[okinawa2009]
Amami home recipe: rice flour, white sugar, grated raw sweet potato juice and water[maff-miki]
Starter
spontaneous: saliva (ancient) or raw sweet potato (miki) for sugar, then wild lactic bacteria and yeasts
Total time across the recorded steps: 3 months – 3.1 months
Start
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What changes:Chewed rice goes into the vessel, and saliva starts turning its starch into sugar
Step 1 of 5
Ancient method: chew the rice
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Lactic acid bacteria
Yeasts
Young women chewed rice two or three times and mixed it in. Chewed-rice sake was the main ritual miki in the Ryukyu islands around the 14th and 15th centuries. Output: sweet chewed rice.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
saliva amylase turns starch into sugar
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
What makes this one different
Here the sugar comes from saliva (in the ancient chewed form) or raw sweet potato (in miki), not from koji or malt. Fresh miki is a lactic drink drunk within days. The Okinawan shrine miki also holds many alkaliphilic microbes, probably from seawater, unlike the commercial Amami and Ishigaki miki.
Unjami festival miki (Shioya Bay, Ogimi, Okinawa)Made by six districts the day before the festival from rice porridge, shredded sweet potato and raw rice.
Amami mikiRice flour, sugar and raw sweet potato juice; about ten makers on the island sell it.
Okinawan miki with barleyOkinawa uses barley koji or malt instead of sweet potato.
In the Ryukyu islands, chewed-rice sake was the main festival miki around the 14th and 15th centuries, even when distilled spirit was known. By the 18th century awamori was widely used in rituals too, but chewed sake and home-made miki were still offered. The Amami method appears in Nagoya Sagenta's Nanto Zatsuwa from the end of the Edo period.