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Fermentation Atlas

Alcoholic drinks from Kumamoto

Kome-jochu (rice shochu, e.g. Kuma shochu)米焼酎

Kome-jochu is a single-distilled Japanese spirit made only from rice. Rice koji, water and yeast ferment first; steamed rice (or more koji) and water are added for a second mash, which is distilled once in a pot still. The best-known kind, Kuma shochu, comes from the cold Kuma basin of Kumamoto, where the Kuma indication has protected it since 1995. Made in 6 steps over 42 h. The longest step, make rice koji, takes 42 h (Okutsu K. 2023) and runs at 40 °C → 30 °C (Hayashi K 2021). Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii (white koji) or A. luchuensis (black koji), which make the enzymes and citric acid and Saccharomyces cerevisiae shochu yeast do most of the fermenting.

Key numbers
Main step42 hReported[alic2023]Make rice koji
Temperature40 °C → 30 °CReported[hayashi2021]Make rice koji

Recipe

No fixed amounts recordedThe Kuma indication fixes the ingredients and where each step happens, not the amounts. No open source with the proportions of koji, rice and water was found.
Rice grown in Japan · The only grain allowed for the Kuma indication[nta-kuma]
Rice koji from Japanese rice · The only koji allowed for the Kuma indication[nta-kuma]
Water from Kuma district or Hitoyoshi city · Soft water of the Kuma river system[nta-kuma]
Shochu yeast[kumamoto-assoc]
Starter: koji (white or black koji, Aspergillus luchuensis) with shochu yeast

Total time across the recorded steps: 42 h

Start
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What changes: Washed, soaked rice is steamed in a large basket

Step 1 of 6
Wash, soak and steam the rice
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Aspergillus luchuensis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Yeasts

Output: steamed rice.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

What makes this one different

Steamed rice replaces sweet potato in the second mash, so the whole spirit comes from rice. For Kuma, both grain and koji must be Japanese rice and the water must come from the Kuma basin.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Kuma (geographical indication)Japanese rice and rice koji only, Kuma water; fermented, distilled, stored and bottled in Kuma district or Hitoyoshi city.
  • Reduced-pressure Kuma shochuDistilled under vacuum, with a fruity aroma instead of the toasty rice aroma of atmospheric distillation.

Safety

No safety limits specific to rice shochu were found. Japanese law caps pot-still (honkaku) shochu at 45 % alcohol.

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

The Kuma specification says the isolated Kuma basin grew plenty of rice and kept making rice shochu even when famine limited rice spirits elsewhere, and that rare visitors spread its name. Kuma was designated a geographical indication on 30 June 1995.

  1. [nta-kuma] National Tax Agency of Japan, Product specification of geographical indication "Kuma" (interim translation; Japanese standard revised 27 February 2018)spec
  2. [nta-gi-list] National Tax Agency of Japan, list of liquor geographical indications (dates of designation)gov
  3. [hayashi2021] Hayashi K., Kajiwara Y., Futagami T., Goto M. and Takashita H. 2021, Making traditional Japanese distilled liquor, shochu and awamori, and the contribution of white and black koji fungi, Journal of Fungi 7(7), 517paper
  4. [alic2023] Okutsu K. 2023, 黒糖焼酎はサトウキビ栽培から (Kokuto shochu begins with sugarcane growing), Sugar information, Agriculture and Livestock Industries Corporation (ALIC), October 2023gov
  5. [kumamoto-assoc] Kumamoto Sake and Shochu Makers Association, Kumamoto shochu, how it is made (English page)web
  6. [liquor-tax-act] Liquor Tax Act of Japan (Act No. 6 of 1953), Article 3, item 10, pot-still shochu, e-Gov law searchspec