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Fermentation Atlas

Alcoholic drinks from Okinawa, Japan

Awamori泡盛

Awamori is Okinawa's rice spirit. All of the rice is first grown into black koji, then fermented in one stage with water and yeast for about two weeks and distilled once in a pot still. It is aged in clay jars or tanks; spirit aged three years or more is called kusu. Made in 6 steps over 6.5 months – 6.6 months. The longest step, dilute and age; kusu after three years, takes at least 6 months (Okinawa Prefecture Sake Brewers Association 2019). Aspergillus luchuensis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae do most of the fermenting.

Key numbers
Main stepat least 6 monthsReported[mlit-awamori][nta-ryukyu]Dilute and age; kusu after three years
Temperature40 °CReported[mlit-awamori]Grow black koji on all of the rice
Fully documentedAlcoholic drinks6.5 months – 6.6 monthsMore alcoholic drinksMore from Japan

Recipe

No fixed amounts recordedNo fixed amounts are published. The GI rule fixes the ingredients and the method, not the quantities.
Rice, all made into rice koji with black koji mould (Aspergillus luchuensis) · Imported Thai rice; the GI allows only black-koji rice koji[nta-ryukyu][mlit-awamori]
Water drawn in Okinawa Prefecture[nta-ryukyu]
Yeast[nta-ryukyu][mlit-awamori]
Starter: koji/qu/mold-starter (black koji, Aspergillus luchuensis)

Total time across the recorded steps: 6.5 months – 6.6 months

Start
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Close-up: water moving into a grain

What changes: Water soaks into the washed Thai rice

Step 1 of 6
Wash and soak the rice
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Moulds
Yeasts
Aspergillus luchuensis
Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Output: washed, soaked rice.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

What makes this one different

Awamori uses black koji for all of its rice and ferments it in one stage, with no extra rice or other ingredients added later, which most shochu does. The GI requires Okinawa water and a single pot distillation in Okinawa. It ages in clay jars rather than wooden casks, and the shitsugi custom tops up old jars with younger spirit.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Kusu (古酒)Stored for three years or more.
  • Hanazake (花酒)Especially strong awamori, named for the bloom of foam it forms when poured.

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

The method reached Ryukyu more than 500 years ago through trade with Southeast Asia and the mainland. One story says the name ("bubble heap") comes from pouring the spirit from a height to judge its strength by the foam.

  1. [nta-ryukyu] National Tax Agency Japan, Geographical indication "Ryukyu" production standard (地理的表示「琉球」生産基準)spec
  2. [mlit-awamori] Okinawa Prefecture Sake Brewers Association 2019, Making Awamori (泡盛の製造工程), Japan Tourism Agency multilingual commentary databasegov
  3. [hayashi2021] Hayashi K., Kajiwara Y., Futagami T., Goto M., Takashita H. 2021, Making traditional Japanese distilled liquor, shochu and awamori, and the contribution of white and black koji fungi, Journal of Fungi 7(7):517paper
  4. [WP:Awamori] Wikipedia, Awamori (outline only)wiki