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Vinegar from Yongchun County, Quanzhou, Fujian, China
Yongchun aged vinegar and Fujian red-qu (Hongqu) vinegar永春老醋
Yongchun aged vinegar is a Fujian rice vinegar made from glutinous rice with red yeast rice (hongqu, Monascus) as the starter. The rice is first brewed into a red rice wine, which is then soured by acetic bacteria in a largely liquid process, and the vinegar is aged for years until it turns dark red-brown. In one Yongchun factory the acetic stage runs about 40 days, with the wine pumped over a bed of red-qu lees and husk three times a day.
Listed raw materials of Yongchun vinegar[yclc-draft]
Mother vinegar
Seed for the acetic stage of Hongqu aromatic vinegar[li2022]
Starter
red yeast rice (Monascus) for the rice wine; mother vinegar for the acetic stage
Total time across the recorded steps: 3.1 years – 10 years
Start
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What changes:Red yeast rice turns steamed glutinous rice into a red rice wine
Step 1 of 4
Brew red rice wine from glutinous rice with hongqu
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Monascus
Yeasts
Acetobacter
Lactobacillus
Candida
Output: Hongqu rice wine and red lees.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Monascus and yeasts saccharify the rice and ferment it to alcohol
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Yongchun aged vinegar is a Fujian rice vinegar made from glutinous rice with red yeast rice (hongqu, Monascus) as the starter. The rice is first brewed into a red rice wine, which is then soured by acetic bacteria in a largely liquid process, and the vinegar is aged for years until it turns dark red-brown. In one Yongchun factory the acetic stage runs about 40 days, with the wine pumped over a bed of red-qu lees and husk three times a day. Made in 4 steps over 3.1 years – 10 years. The longest step, age for years, takes 3–10 years (Wei H 2025). Monascus purpureus and Acetobacter and Lactobacillus do most of the fermenting.
Zhenjiang vinegar uses wheat qu and a fully solid acetic stage. Yongchun vinegar uses red yeast rice (Monascus) as its starter, which gives the red hue, and its acetic stage is liquid or layered solid-liquid rather than a turned solid mass [li2022, yclc-draft, wei2025]. It is then aged for years; Wei et al. cite the national standard GB/T 26531-2011 for a total acid of at least 5.0 g/100 mL [wei2025].
Hongqu aromatic vinegar (layered process)Brewed from Hongqu lees, bran, wheat husk and Hongqu rice wine with mother vinegar, in tanks split by hollow plates, refluxed for about 40 days [li2022].
Liquid-fermented Yongchun vinegar (draft group standard)Defined as glutinous rice vinegar with red yeast rice as saccharifying agent and a liquid acetic fermentation, in four grades by total acid [yclc-draft].
Safety
The acetic stage ends at about pH 3.46 [li2022]. The consultation draft would require the vinegar to meet GB 2719, the national food safety standard for vinegar; it is a draft, not yet in force [yclc-draft].
A Fujian Daily feature, reposted by the Fujian provincial government portal, says people in Yongchun were making the vinegar at home by the early Northern Song [fj-daily2023]. Its industrial production began in 1953, when the overseas Chinese leader You Yangzu set up the Yongchun brewery; trial exports started in 1959, and the brewing skill was listed on the Fujian provincial intangible heritage list in 2009 [fj-daily2023].