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Orange wine (white wine with maceration, amber wine)
Orange wine is white wine made the way red wine is, with the crushed grapes left to ferment and soak on their skins and seeds for at least a month. The skins give it an orange to amber colour, more phenolics and a tannic grip. The international definition cites the old Georgian method of making wine in clay qvevri. Made in 5 steps over 30 days. The longest step, keep macerating after fermentation, takes at least 30 days (OIV 2020). Saccharomyces cerevisiae does most of the fermenting.
Amounts from a sourceAmounts from a 27 L tank trial at the Iași University of Life Sciences, Romania; producers set their own, and many rely on the grapes' own yeasts.
White grapes, destemmed and crushed · Juice and pomace kept together at 3 parts liquid to 2 parts solids by volume in the trial[crisan2026]
5 g/hL
Potassium metabisulfite · Added to the crushed grapes at once, against oxidation and spoilage[crisan2026]
20 g/hL
Active dry wine yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)[crisan2026]
Starter
inoculated wine yeast or the grapes' own yeasts
Total time across the recorded steps: 30 days
Start
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What changes:White grapes are destemmed and crushed, and the skins stay with the juice
Step 1 of 5
Destem and crush white grapes
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Yeasts
Output: crushed grapes with skins and seeds.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
What makes this one different
A white wine is pressed off its skins before it ferments. Orange wine keeps white grapes on their skins, seeds and sometimes stems for at least a month, as a red wine would be, which is why it is filed here under red wine.
Grapes
White grape varieties only
Maceration
At least one month in contact with the pomace (skins, seeds and sometimes stems)
Georgian qvevri wine (Kakhetian style)The traditional method the OIV definition cites; see the qvevri entry.
Short skin contactOrdinary white wines get at most a brief skin contact before fermentation, for aroma in some aromatic grapes; that is not white wine with maceration.
Safety
Long contact with the pomace raises volatile acidity. In one trial it peaked at 0.65 g/L after six months, still below the 1.20 g/L limit for white wines.
The OIV adopted the definition "white wine with maceration" in November 2020, citing the ancient Georgian method of winemaking in qvevri, which UNESCO listed as intangible cultural heritage in 2013.