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Chinese baijiu is sorted into about a dozen aroma types. Besides the big three, strong (nongxiang), light (qingxiang) and sauce (jiangxiang), there are smaller types such as feng, chi, sesame, medicinal, te, laobaigan and fuyu, each tied to one maker or region and to its own grains, qu and fermentation vessel. This entry lists them until each has a page of its own.
These minor types change one or two things in the solid-state baijiu method, such as the grain (whole rice for te-aroma, pure rice for chi-aroma), the qu (pure-wheat qu for laobaigan, herb-laden qu for medicinal Dongjiu, barley-and-pea qu for feng-aroma), the vessel (young mud pits for feng-aroma, buried jars for laobaigan) or an extra step (steeping with fat pork for chi-aroma).
Feng-aroma cellar period (Xifeng)
Fermented grains of Xifeng baijiu were sampled through day 30 of the round-cellar period
Feng-aroma pit age
Fermented in pits not more than 1 year old
Medicinal-aroma xiaoqu herbs (Dongjiu)
95 Chinese herbal medicines are added to the xiaoqu
Medicinal-aroma daqu herbs (Dongjiu)
40 Chinese herbal medicines are added to the daqu
Recipe
No fixed amounts recordedWhat goes in. No source gives amounts for this ferment.
Total time across the steps of Nongxiang (strong-aroma) baijiu — mud-pit process: 2 months – 2.3 months
Start
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What changes:Wheat bricks heat up as yeasts and bacteria grow through them
Step 1 of 6 · steps of Nongxiang (strong-aroma) baijiu — mud-pit process
Make medium-temperature daqu
Time
Not documented
Temperature
53–56 °C
Measured
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Candida
Wickerhamomyces
Bacillus
Moulds
Lactic acid bacteria
Output: medium-temperature daqu.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Candida and Wickerhamomyces heat the bricks; heat-tolerant Bacillus and Thermoascus survive
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Chinese baijiu is sorted into about a dozen aroma types. Besides the big three, strong (nongxiang), light (qingxiang) and sauce (jiangxiang), there are smaller types such as feng, chi, sesame, medicinal, te, laobaigan and fuyu, each tied to one maker or region and to its own grains, qu and fermentation vessel. This entry lists them until each has a page of its own. Made in 6 steps over 2 months – 2.3 months. The longest step, mud-pit fermentation, takes 2–2.3 months and runs at 20–34 °C.
Feng-aroma (fengxiang; Xifeng, Shaanxi)Sorghum fermented with medium-temperature daqu or fuqu and a starter made of barley and peas, in pits not more than a year old. The spirit is known for a honey aroma, with ethyl acetate and ethyl hexanoate in balance.
Chi-aroma (chixiang; Yubingshao, Guangdong)Pure rice fermented semi-solid with large baijiu cakes as the starter, like rice-aroma baijiu. The spirit is steeped with fat pork, which gives a fermented-soybean-like aroma.
Sesame-aroma (zhimaxiang; Jingzhi, Shandong)Made with continuous-residue steaming in mud-bottomed brick pits, combining daqu with bran qu (fuqu), with high-nitrogen ingredients, high-temperature piling and fermentation, and long storage. Its roasted-sesame aroma comes from sulfur compounds.
Medicinal-aroma (yaoxiang; Dongjiu, Guizhou)Uses both xiaoqu, made with 95 Chinese herbs, and daqu, made with 40, and brings their fermented grains together by a re-steaming, "stringing" method. High in total acid, higher alcohols and ethyl butyrate, low in ethyl lactate.
Laobaigan-aroma (Hengshui, Hebei)Sorghum with medium-temperature daqu of pure wheat, fermented in jars sunk in the ground, with mixed steaming, graded storage and blending. The fermentation and storage periods are short.
Te-aroma (texiang; Si'te, Jiangxi)Whole rice with medium- and high-temperature daqu, fermented solid-state. It is richer than any other type in odd-carbon esters such as ethyl propionate, valerate and heptanoate.
Fuyu-aroma (Jiugui, Hunan)Combines strong, light and sauce aromas; ethyl hexanoate leads, with ethyl lactate and ethyl acetate in equal amounts.
Jian-aromaKey aromas include ethyl hexanoate, gamma-nonalactone and dimethyl trisulfide.