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Jiuyao is the small rice-flour starter of Shaoxing rice wine. New-crop early indica rice flour and powdered water-pepper leaf are pounded into small cubes, rolled in last year's best jiuyao, kept warm in husk-lined vats for about a day and a half, then sun-dried. Its moulds and yeasts turn rice starch to sugar and then to alcohol in the brew.
No fixed amounts recordedThe 2024 core-area draft says the mixing ratio and time must be strictly controlled but does not publish them, and the 2025 draft gives no ratio either, so no amounts are given.
New-crop early indica brown rice, milled to flour
Water below 15 %; at least 95 % passes a 50-mesh sieve[sx-spec][sx-core]
The previous year's best batch, chosen for strong saccharifying and fermenting power and low acid[sx-spec][sx-core]
Starter
back-slop (previous year's best jiuyao)
Total time across the recorded steps: 4.3 days – 4.5 days
Start
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What changes:Starting material: young water-pepper leaves, dried and powdered
Step 1 of 7
Pick and powder the water-pepper herb
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Rhizopus
Pediococcus
Weissella
Top young leaves are cut in early July before the plant flowers, dried the same day, and the stems removed. Output: dry herb powder sieved through 50 mesh.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
green leaf
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Jiuyao is the small rice-flour starter of Shaoxing rice wine. New-crop early indica rice flour and powdered water-pepper leaf are pounded into small cubes, rolled in last year's best jiuyao, kept warm in husk-lined vats for about a day and a half, then sun-dried. Its moulds and yeasts turn rice starch to sugar and then to alcohol in the brew. Made in 7 steps over 4.3 days – 4.5 days. The longest step, sun-dry, takes at least 3 days (Zhejiang Liquor Industry Association (drafted…). Saccharomycopsis and Rhizopus do most of the fermenting.
Substandard jiuyaoTwo kinds are known; their water content differs from normal jiuyao and they carry more Pediococcus (type I) or Mucor and Staphylococcus (type II).
Safety
The 2024 core-area draft says dried jiuyao goes into cleaned, disinfected jars sealed with lotus leaf and bamboo husk and is kept dry, airy and dark, to stop damp, mould and spoilage. Zhao et al. 2023 found that one of two kinds of substandard jiuyao carried more Mucor and Staphylococcus (identified to genus only), and that water content strongly affects jiuyao quality.
Hazards the sources name: Staphylococcus (genus only), more abundant in one type of substandard jiuyao.
The Zhejiang Liquor Industry Association posted a draft group standard for brewing Shaoxing wine on 2025-09-22; it defines jiuyao as a starter made from early indica rice flour and water-pepper powder, seeded with the previous year's good jiuyao. A 2024 discussion draft by the Yuecheng district market supervision bureau describes the same starter for the core Shaoxing area. Chen et al. 2021 took their jiuyao from the Tapai brewery in Shaoxing.