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Soy and legumes from Mizoram, India

Bekang (bekang um)bekang um

Bekang is the sticky fermented soybean of the Mizo of Mizoram. Soybeans are soaked overnight, boiled, spread on Callicarpa leaves, dusted with wood ash from the hearth, covered with more leaves and left about three days over the fireplace or in the sun. Bacillus subtilis dominates and the pH climbs from slightly acid to above 8.

Fully documentedSoy and legumes3 days – 4 days

Recipe

No fixed amounts recordedHousehold craft with no fixed amounts.
SoybeansCleaned and soaked overnight[Thanzami2019]
Clean wood ashSprinkled over the cooked beans[Lalthanpuii2015][Thanzami2019]
Hnahkiah leaves (Callicarpa arborea)Line the basket or sieve and cover the beans[Lalthanpuii2015][Thanzami2019]
Starterspontaneous

Total time across the recorded steps: 3 days – 4 days

Start
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Close-up: water moving into a bean

What changes: Cleaned soybeans soak overnight

Step 1 of 5
Soak the soybeans
Time
Overnight in water
Reported
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Bacillus subtilis
Bacillus licheniformis

Output: soaked beans.

Flavour
Not documented
Texture
swollen
Colour
Not documented

Microbes at work in this step

Not documented for this step.

Method

Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source

At a glance

Bekang is the sticky fermented soybean of the Mizo of Mizoram. Soybeans are soaked overnight, boiled, spread on Callicarpa leaves, dusted with wood ash from the hearth, covered with more leaves and left about three days over the fireplace or in the sun. Bacillus subtilis dominates and the pH climbs from slightly acid to above 8. Made in 5 steps over 3 days – 4 days. The longest step, ferment over the fireplace or in the sun, takes 3–4 days (Lalthanpuii P.B 2015) and runs at 34–36 °C (Thanzami K 2019). Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis do most of the fermenting.

Key numbers
Main step3–4 daysReported[Lalthanpuii2015][Thanzami2019]Ferment over the fireplace or in the sun
Temperature34–36 °CReported[Thanzami2019]Ferment over the fireplace or in the sun
AciditypH 5.5 → 8.34Measured[Thanzami2019]Ferment over the fireplace or in the sun

What makes this one different

Bekang is dusted with hearth ash and fermented whole on Callicarpa leaves in a basket or sieve. In one laboratory preparation of kinema, the beans are cracked in a mortar and mixed with firewood ash before fermenting.

Related ferments

Variants

  • Incubator bekangAutoclaved beans fermented on hnahkiah-lined trays with ash at 35 ± 1 °C; counts, pH and enzyme activity rose faster, and two days were enough [Thanzami2019].
  • Bekang teaDried bekang fried, ground and added to tea as a special tea in some places [Lalthanpuii2015].

Safety

Spontaneous home ferments can carry pathogens; atypical enteropathogenic E. coli was found in a home-made bekang sample sold wrapped in unwashed forest leaves [Roy2026]. A controlled 35 °C incubator shortened the ferment from three days to two in a study [Thanzami2019]. The sources set no numerical limit.

Hazards the sources name: Escherichia coli (atypical enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated from a home-made bekang sample linked to a diarrhoeal outbreak).

History and sources

Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made

A soybean ferment called bekanthu is recorded among the Vaiphei, a tribe of the North Cachar Hills in Assam who also seem to live in Mizoram [Lalthanpuii2015].

  1. [Lalthanpuii2015] Lalthanpuii P.B., Lalruatfela B., Zoramdinthara, Lalthanzara H. 2015, Traditional food processing techniques of the Mizo people of Northeast India, Science Vision 15(1):39–45paper
  2. [Thanzami2019] Thanzami K., Lalremruati C., Vanlalthlana, Lalthasanga A., Tungoe P.C., Ralte J.L., Lalhlenmawia H. 2019, Changes in biochemical and nutritional properties of bekang-um (fermented soybean) prepared by traditional method and customized incubator, Science Vision 19(2):35–42, doi:10.33493/scivis.19.02.07paper
  3. [Chettri2015] Chettri R., Tamang J.P. 2015, Bacillus species isolated from tungrymbai and bekang, naturally fermented soybean foods of India, Int. J. Food Microbiol. 197:72–76, doi:10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.021 (abstract)paper
  4. [Das2023] Das S., Bhattacharjee M.J., Mukherjee A.K., Khan M.R. 2023, Comprehensive bacterial-metabolite profiles of Hawaijar, Bekang, and Akhone: a comparative study on traditional fermented soybeans of north-east India, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39:315, doi:10.1007/s11274-023-03773-3 (abstract)paper
  5. [Roy2026] Roy S. et al. 2026, Atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli associated with an acute diarrhoeal disease outbreak due to fermented soybean in Keifang, Mizoram, India, Frontiers in Public Health, doi:10.3389/fpubh.2026.1722805paper