India

160 ferments from India, with how each is made.

160 entries listed here, page 1 of 2.

Compare them

Ferment	Kind	Main step	Temperature	Salt	pH
Appam / hoppers (toddy-leavened rice pancake)	Cereals and bread	3–5 h	28–30 °C	2 %	7 → 5.9
Chaas / mattha / moru / majjige (traditional South Asian buttermilk)	Fermented milk	4 h – 5 days		0.5 %
Chhaang (Tibetan and Himalayan barley beer)	Alcoholic drinks	2–3 days			4.1
Chhena	Cheese	7–10 min	70–90 °C
Dahi (curd)	Fermented milk	8–15 h	37–45 °C
Desi ghee from fermented cream (makkhan route)	Fermented milk	up to 12 months
Dhokla	Cereals and bread	18–20 h	16–23 °C	0.8 %
Dosa	Cereals and bread	12–14 h	28–32 °C	2–2.5 %
Gundruk	Vegetables	5–10 days	18–22 °C	0 %	6.6 → 3.71
Handia (haria, hadiya)	Alcoholic drinks	3–4 days			6.8 → 3.61
Hard chhurpi	Cheese	30 days			5.7–6.3
Hentak	Fish and seafood	14 days			6.6
Idli	Cereals and bread	12–15 h	20–30 °C	2 %	5.9–6.3 → 4.2
Judima (Dimasa rice wine)	Alcoholic drinks	3–7 days			4.9
Kalari	Cheese	7–30 days			5–5.4
Kanji (black carrot)	Soft drinks	5–10 days			6 → 3.47
Khorisa (Assamese fermented bamboo shoot)	Vegetables	12 days	32 °C		6.4 → 4.09
Kodo ko jaanr (finger-millet jaanr; base of tongba)	Alcoholic drinks	2–7 days			4.1
Koozh (fermented millet and rice porridge drink)	Soft drinks	12–24 h			4.3–4.9
Lassi	Fermented milk	18–24 h	23–24 °C		4–5
Marcha (murcha)	Starters and koji	2–5 days			4.9–5.7
Nata de coco	Other	8–20 days	27–30 °C		4.2
Palm wine, Asian regional names (toddy, raa, kallu, tua, tuhak)	Alcoholic drinks	5 days			7.2 → 4.5
Paneer	Cheese	8–12 days	4–5 °C
Panta bhat / pakhala / poita bhat (fermented cooked rice in water)	Cereals and bread	12–18 h	25–30 °C
Rabadi / raabadi (millet and buttermilk ferment)	Cereals and bread	16 h
Raksi	Alcoholic drinks	7–25 days			4.1
Sel roti	Cereals and bread	4 h
Shrikhand (from chakka)	Fermented milk	21–28 days	3–5 °C		4.4–4.5
Sinki	Vegetables	12 days – 3 months	30 °C	0 %	6.7 → 3.3
Tongba	Alcoholic drinks	6 months			4.1
Zutho (Angami rice beer)	Alcoholic drinks	4–7 days			3.6
African oil-palm, raffia, coconut and date-palm wines (regional names)	Alcoholic drinks	35 days			3.5–4
Axone / aakhone (akhuni)	Soy and legumes	7 days	20–35 °C
Bhaati jaanr	Alcoholic drinks
Cholai (Bengal country rice spirit)	Alcoholic drinks	8–10 days
Chuwak / chuak (Tripuri rice beer and its distillate)	Alcoholic drinks	3 days
Curd- or khamir-leavened breads (bhatura, kulcha, naan, khamiri roti)	Cereals and bread	4 h		1 %
Hawaijar	Soy and legumes	3–5 days
Kinema	Soy and legumes	24 h – 3 days	25–40 °C	1 %	at least 8
Maseura / masyaura (fermented black-gram or rice-bean cones, Nepal and Sikkim)	Soy and legumes	3–5 days			5.6–6.3
Mishti doi	Fermented milk	12–15 h	40–45 °C		6.6
Phab (phap)	Starters and koji	5–7 days
Shidal	Fish and seafood	4–6 months		0 %	4.4–6.2
Themsing (Monpa millet or barley beer)	Alcoholic drinks	12 months – 3 years
Tungrymbai	Soy and legumes	3–5 days	25–40 °C
Achar tandal (fermented cauliflower stalks)	Vegetables
Ambali (fermented ragi drink)	Soft drinks	14–16 h
Anarsa / anarase (soaked-rice jaggery sweet)	Cereals and bread	3 days
Anishi (fermented taro-leaf cakes)	Vegetables
Apong (Mising/Adi rice beer)	Alcoholic drinks
Ara (Bhutanese grain spirit)	Alcoholic drinks
Arjia	Meat
Asava and Arishta (Ayurvedic self-fermented medicinal wines)	Alcoholic drinks	30 days
Atingba (Meitei rice beer) and yu (its distillate)	Alcoholic drinks	3–6 days
Avakaya (Andhra raw-mango mustard pickle)	Fruit
Bandel cheese	Cheese	at least 2 days
Bankhe-kham (Karbi cassava beer)	Alcoholic drinks
Bastanga / banstangapani (bamboo-shoot sour liquid)	Sauces and condiments
Bekang (bekang um)	Soy and legumes	3–4 days
Bhallae / bhalle (fermented black-gram dumplings, north India)	Soy and legumes
Black and oolong tea "fermentation" (enzymatic oxidation)	Tea leaf
Cashew feni (caju feni)	Alcoholic drinks
Chartayshya	Meat
Chhang (Ladakh barley beer) with phabs	Alcoholic drinks
Chhi-um (Mizo sesame preparation)	Other
Chhu / sheden	Cheese
Chilika curd	Fermented milk
Chilu	Meat
Chubitchi (Garo rice beer)	Alcoholic drinks
Chulli (Kinnauri wild-apricot spirit)	Alcoholic drinks
Dry-salted lime pickle (nimbu ka achar, salt-only)	Fruit
Ekung, eup and hirring	Vegetables
Emao	Starters and koji
Faapar ko jaanr (buckwheat jaanr)	Alcoholic drinks
Finger-millet and horse-gram dosa	Cereals and bread	16 h			6.6 → 4.2
Gahoon ko jaanr (wheat jaanr)	Alcoholic drinks
Gnuchi	Fish and seafood
Goyang	Vegetables
Hamei	Starters and koji	2–5 days
Himachal fermented wheat/buckwheat breads (bhaturu, siddu, chilra, marchu, babru)	Cereals and bread
Hor alank (Karbi rice beer)	Alcoholic drinks	8–9 h
Idli / dosa batter — the urad (black gram) fermentation role	Cereals and bread	12–16 h	25–35 °C	1 %	4.5
Inziangsang / ziang sang and ziang dui (fermented mustard leaf)	Vegetables
Jaadi (Colombo cure)	Fish and seafood
Jaan and daru (Bhotiya, Uttarakhand) with balam starter	Alcoholic drinks
Jamma (geema)	Meat
Jao ko jaanr (barley jaanr)	Alcoholic drinks
Jou (Bodo rice beer; jou gwran = distilled)	Alcoholic drinks	3–4 days
Kalimpong cheese	Cheese
Kanji vada (Rajasthani mustard-water ferment)	Soft drinks
Karati, bordia and lashim	Fish and seafood
Kargyong	Meat
Khalpi	Vegetables	3–5 days
Khambir (Ladakhi and Western Himalayan leavened bread)	Cereals and bread
Kheuri	Meat
Khyopeh	Meat
Kiad	Alcoholic drinks
Kradi / Maish krej	Cheese
Lona ilish	Fish and seafood
Lugri (Lahaul cereal beer)	Alcoholic drinks				3.2–4.2
Lung-siej (Khasi fermented bamboo shoot)	Vegetables
Mādhvī / mādhvīka (ancient Indian flower and honey liquor)	Alcoholic drinks
Madua (Arunachal finger-millet beer)	Alcoholic drinks	4–7 days
Mahua (mahua flower liquor)	Alcoholic drinks
Maireya (मैरेय)	Alcoholic drinks
Makai ko jaanr (maize jaanr)	Alcoholic drinks
Mesu	Vegetables	7–15 days
Mingri, lohpani and bhangchang (Monpa successive-draw beers)	Alcoholic drinks	4–5 days
Nabadwip lal doi (red curd of Nabadwip)	Fermented milk	up to 10 days
Napham	Fish and seafood
Nchiangne (Naga sprouted-rice liquor)	Alcoholic drinks
Ngari	Fish and seafood	5–12 months		0 %
Njetim and jegietsang (Naga fermented mustard leaf)	Vegetables	at least 12 months
North Indian aam ka achar (sun-cured mango oil pickle)	Fruit			20 %
Odisha fermented pithas (chakuli pitha, enduri pitha)	Cereals and bread	10 min
Opo, kala apang and ennog (Adi black rice beers with burnt husk)	Alcoholic drinks	4 days
Other NE Indian sticky soybean foods (bemerthu, bekanthu, bezeithu, grep-chhurpi, peha, peron namsing, pehak)	Soy and legumes
Palm / toddy vinegar (incl. Myanmar htan-ye vinegar)	Vinegar	28–42 days			3.9 → 3.09
Pazhaya sadam / pazhankanji (Tamil and Kerala overnight rice)	Cereals and bread
Peruyaan	Soy and legumes	3–5 days
Pit-cured fish	Fish and seafood
Poita bhat (Assamese fermented rice)	Cereals and bread	12 h
Prasannā (प्रसन्ना), clear upper layer of grain wine	Alcoholic drinks	5 days
Sa-um	Meat
Satchu	Meat	10–15 days
Sauvīraka and tuṣodaka, sour barley waters	Soft drinks
Shyow / sho (Tibetan and Himalayan yoghurt)	Fermented milk				3.9–4
Sīdhu (सीधु), sugarcane-juice wine	Alcoholic drinks
Simal tarul ko jaanr (cassava jaanr)	Alcoholic drinks
Sing sing (Indian barley drink)	Alcoholic drinks
Sinnamani (Gorkha soft fermented whole radish)	Vegetables
Soft chhurpi	Cheese
Soft chhurpi (and related somar, chhu)	Fermented milk	24 h – 2 days			4.5
Soibum	Vegetables	6–12 months
Soidon	Vegetables	3–7 days
Somar	Fermented milk	14 days
Sonti (Indian rice beer made with Rhizopus sonti)	Alcoholic drinks
Sujen (Deori rice beer)	Alcoholic drinks
Suka ko maacha	Fish and seafood
Suka ko masu	Meat
Sukuti (fish)	Fish and seafood
Sunda kanji (Tamil Nadu rice wine)	Alcoholic drinks
Sura (Kullu, Lag valley) with dhehli starter	Alcoholic drinks
Surā (सुरा), Vedic grain beer	Alcoholic drinks	3 days
Thiat	Starters and koji
Topli nu paneer	Cheese
Torani (Odia fermented rice-water drink)	Soft drinks
Tuaithur (Hmar fermented bamboo shoot)	Vegetables
Tungtap	Fish and seafood	4–7 days

Bold names have a full page with the animated steps. Blank cells: no sourced value yet.

Numbers come from cited sources and carry a label that says how each is known. How this atlas is made

PDF & Documents

Image Tools

Audio and Video

Cooking & Kitchen

Security & Privacy

Network & Sysadmin

Finance Tools

CAD & 3D

India

Compare them

Keyboard shortcuts

PDF Editor

Compare PDF

Gerber Viewer

STEP Viewer

Compare them