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Alcoholic drinks from Roman Italy
Columella's aqua mulsa is a Roman honey-water drink from his farming manual, De re rustica (Book XII, ch. 12). Honey is mixed with rainwater aged for years, or with spring water boiled down to a quarter, sealed in a flask with gypsum, left in the summer sun for 40 days, then stored in a smoky loft. Columella never says the drink ferments; treating it as a mead is a modern reading, and this entry is a reconstruction from his text.
| Rainwater kept for many years, decanted off its sediment1 sextarius | First method[columella12] |
| Honey1 libra (pound) | First method; a drier drink takes a dodrans (three-quarters of a pound) of honey per sextarius of water[columella12] |
| Fresh water boiled down to a quarter, then cooled, with honey2 sextarii water to 1 sextarius honey | Second method, sweeter version; the drier version again uses a dodrans of honey per sextarius of water[columella12] |
Total time across the recorded steps: 40 days
What changes: Rainwater is aged and decanted, or fresh water is boiled down and cooled
Either rainwater is kept for many years in vessels in the open sun and poured off its sediment again and again, or fresh water is boiled down to a quarter and cooled. Output: clear water.
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
Columella's aqua mulsa is a Roman honey-water drink from his farming manual, De re rustica (Book XII, ch. 12). Honey is mixed with rainwater aged for years, or with spring water boiled down to a quarter, sealed in a flask with gypsum, left in the summer sun for 40 days, then stored in a smoky loft. Columella never says the drink ferments; treating it as a mead is a modern reading, and this entry is a reconstruction from his text. Made in 4 steps over 40 days. The longest step, seal and set in the sun, takes 40 days (Columella).
| Main step | 40 daysReported[columella12] | Seal and set in the sun |
|---|
Columella ages the rainwater for years, or boils the water down, before adding honey, then leaves the sealed flask 40 days in the summer sun and stores it in smoke. He keeps it apart from the thick honey syrup boiled from washed combs, which, he says, cannot stand in for aqua mulsa as a remedy for the sick.
Columella boiled the comb-washing syrup in a lead vessel. The WHO says there is no known safe blood lead concentration, so do not copy this step with lead pots.
Every number is labelled with how it is known. How this atlas is made
Columella wrote De re rustica in 60–65 CE as a practical farmer. In Greek and Roman medicine, hydromel (aqua mulsa) was prescribed for fevers and many other illnesses.
