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Sugarcane juice ferments into a cane wine, left for days or weeks. A Gabon test of malamba-style wine fermented 1 litre of juice for 28 days to 7.4–9.9 % alcohol, with old lees and bitter-kola wood as additives. Similar cane wines are betsa in Madagascar and guarapo in Latin America.
Fully documentedAlcoholic drinks2 days – 28 days
Recipe
No fixed amounts recordedNo fixed household recipe appears in the sources. The Gabon test fermented 1 litre of juice per treatment and the Peruvian pilot used 10 litres per treatment.
Fresh sugarcane juice
Crushed in a mortar for malamba, pressed in a trapiche or mill for guarapo in Cuba; 1 litre per treatment in the Gabon test and 10 litres per treatment in the Peruvian pilot[lepengue2020][olivares2019][wp-malamba][wp-guarapo]
Lees of earlier cane wine
Added to the juice in one Gabon treatment, alone or with bitter-kola wood[lepengue2020]
Bitter-kola (Garcinia kola) bark or wood
Added to malamba; the Gabon authors judged that it does not drive the alcohol fermentation but keeps lactic bacteria from souring the wine[lepengue2020][wp-malamba]
Honey or panela dissolved in water, with cunchos yeast
A Cuban rural guarapo; the yeast is shared among makers[wp-guarapo]
Fresh yeast from an earlier ferment, 5 % w/v
Added in the Peruvian pilot guarapo, not in the traditional drink[olivares2019]
Starter
cunchos yeast in Cuban and Colombian guarapo, shared among makers in Cuba; old cane-wine lees in one Gabon treatment; fresh yeast from an earlier ferment in the Peruvian pilot
Total time across the recorded steps: 2 days – 28 days
Start
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What changes:Cane is crushed and the juice runs into a vessel
Step 1 of 4
Crush the cane and collect the juice
Time
Not documented
Temperature
Not documented
Salt
None given
Acidity
Not documented
Which microbes the steps name, step by step
Pichia bruneiensis
Yeasts
Lactic acid bacteria
Output: cane juice in a large vessel.
Flavour
Not documented
Texture
Not documented
Colour
Not documented
Microbes at work in this step
Not documented for this step.
Method
Measured measured in a studySet fixed by a specification or tested recipeReported one source reports itTypical a general value, not sourced for this fermentUnconfirmed not yet checked against a source
At a glance
Sugarcane juice ferments into a cane wine, left for days or weeks. A Gabon test of malamba-style wine fermented 1 litre of juice for 28 days to 7.4–9.9 % alcohol, with old lees and bitter-kola wood as additives. Similar cane wines are betsa in Madagascar and guarapo in Latin America. Made in 4 steps over 2 days – 28 days. The longest step, ferment, takes 2–28 days (Wikipedia (en)) and runs at 20 °C (Olivares Muñoz S.V 2019). Pichia bruneiensis, the yeast that persisted to 96 h in a spontaneous cane-juice fermentation for artisanal spirit in the Ecuadorian Amazon does most of the fermenting.
Cane wine is drunk as it is. In Madagascar betsa, the fermented cane wine, is listed beside the distilled spirit toaka gasy and the palm wine trembo, and in Ecuador a spontaneous cane-juice ferment is distilled for artisanal spirit.
Malamba (Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon)Canes crushed in a mortar; bitter-kola bark added; juice left about two weeks; called musungu or vin de canne in Gabon; corn is sometimes added to raise the alcohol.
Betsa (Madagascar)The fermented cane wine among Malagasy traditional alcoholic beverages.
Guarapo (Colombia, Panama, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Caribbean)Fermented with a shared yeast called cunchos in parts of Colombia and Cuba. In Brazil, garapa is the unfermented juice.
Safety
Traditional guarapo is an uncontrolled ferment that keeps for about seven days. The Peruvian pilot reached 120 days by sterilising the juice and pasteurising the bottled drink at 70 °C for 10 minutes. In Gabon the cane wines made without additives turned sour, and the authors suggest bitter-kola wood keeps lactic bacteria in check. A Colombian study cited second-hand found acetaldehyde in 41 guarapo samples and no methanol. That one result does not show guarapo is free of methanol. A review warns that the mixed microbes of spontaneous ferments could make it.
Hazards the sources name: Acetaldehyde, found in 41 samples of guarapo drunk by alcoholic-cirrhosis patients in Cundinamarca, Colombia, which had no methanol (a study cited second-hand in the Peruvian paper).
Sugarcane reached Peru with the Spanish in the 16th century. In Tabasco, Mexico, the Chontal Maya began making guarapo in the 16th century, after sugarcane came from the Caribbean.